Gonorrhea is the Chink in DoxyPEP's Armor

By: Marcus J. Hopkins, Health Policy Lead Consultant, ADAP Advocacy

Recent studies have shown that DoxyPEP (doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis) is becoming less effective against the bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhea. Concerns are rising among certain public health groups, such as the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention and European counterparts, but Doxy-PEP remains regarded as a highly effective prevention method for high-risk groups.

Photo Source: Harvard Health Publishing

For the uninitiated, DoxyPEP is a post-exposure oral medication provided within 72 hours after a sexual encounter that reduces the likelihood of acquiring bacterial STIs, including syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. In the initial DoxyPEP trial, researchers found that the incidence of syphilis decreased by 87%, chlamydia by 88%, and gonorrhea by 55% (Dall, 2026). After this initial study, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released clinical guidelines for its utilization in 2024 (Bachmann et al., 2024).

Even in the initial study, the reduced incidence of gonorrhea was modest, at best; subsequent studies have shown that a rapid increase in tetracycline-resistant strains of gonorrhea has greatly reduced or all but eliminated DoxyPEP’s efficacy against the infection.

Research published in JAMA Internal Medicine found that the incidence of STI cases of syphilis and chlamydia in San Francisco, CA, decreased significantly among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and transgender women against projected case numbers, while the incidence of gonorrhea increased significantly (Sankaran et al., 2025).

Another study published in Clinical Infectious Diseases suggests that widespread utilization of DoxyPEP may actually be contributing to the increase in tetracycline-resistant gonorrhea strains in King County, Washington state, which has resulted in the county health department revising its guidelines on the utilization of doxycycline to treat other bacterial issues, including skin and soft tissue infections and lower respiratory tract infections (Soge et al., 2025).

A third study published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases similarly suggests that widespread utilization of DoxyPEP may be inadvertently increasing the propagation of multidrug-resistant strains of gonorrhea in southern California (Yechezkel et al., 2026).

Photo Source: emedicinehealth.com

Drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea have been a concern in the United States for some time, and researchers have been sounding the call against overreliance upon DoxyPEP as a harm reduction tool against the STI for just as long. A correspondence published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2025 warned that multidrug-resistant strains have been spreading globally, including strains that carry resistance to the antibiotic ceftriaxone (Helekal et al., 2025).

Sexual health advocates have been heralding DoxyPEP as one of the first effective methods for preventing STIs transmission since the findings of the initial study, including those at the American Sexual Health Association (ASHA, 2025). There is no doubt that DoxyPEP has clearly been shown to be effective against syphilis and chlamydia; however, ADAP Advocacy recommends that organizations begin having realistic conversations about its efficacy against, as well as the continued increase in propagation of, multidrug-resistant strains of gonorrhea.

These conversations need not be “sex-negative,” focusing on fear and shame-based representations of sexual activity; they do, however, need to be realistic.

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Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association; rather, they provide a neutral platform for the author to promote open, honest discussion of public health-related issues and updates.

References:

[1] American Sexual Health Association. (2025, May 09). Learn More About Doxy PEP from Three People Who Take It. Research Triangle Park, NC: American Sexual Health Association. https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/learn-more-about-doxy-pep-from-three-people-who-take-it/

[2] Bachmann, L. H., Barbee, L. A., Chan, P., Reno, H., Workowski, K. A., Hoover, K., Mermin, J., & Mena, L. (2024, June 06). CDC Clinical Guidelines on the Use of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention, United States, 2024. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports, 73(2): 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7302a1

[3] Dall, C. (2026, May 11). Study shows doxyPEP’s diminished effectiveness against gonorrhea. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota: Research and Innovation Office: Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy: Antimicrobial Stewardship. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/study-shows-doxypep-s-diminished-effectiveness-against-gonorrhea

[4] Helekal, D., Mortimer, T. D., & Grad, Y. H. (2025, July 09). Expansion of tetM-Carrying Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 2018–2024. New England Journal of Medicine, 393(2), 198-200. https://doi.org//10.1056/NEJMc2504010

[5] Sankaran, M., Glidden, D. V., Kohn, R. P., Nguyen, T. Q., Bacon, O., Buchbinder, S. P., Gandhi, M., Havlir, D. V., Liebi, C., Luetkemeyer, A. F., Nguyen, J. Q., Roman, J., Scott, H., Torres, T. S., & Cohen, S. E. (2025, January 06). Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis and Sexually Transmitted Infection Trends. JAMA Internal Medicine, 185(3), 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.7178

[6] Soge, O. O., Thibault, C. S., Cannon, C. A., McLaughlin, S. E., Menza, T. W., Dombrowski, J. C., Fang, F. C., & Golden, M. R. (2025, June). Potential Impact of Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis on Tetracycline Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Colonization With Tetracycline-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococcus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 80(6), 1,188-1,196. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaf089

[7] Yechezkel, M., Helekal, D., Kapadia, B., Hong, V., Pomichowski, M. E., Reyes, I. A. C., Davis, G. S., Müller, N. F., Grad, Y. H., Tartof, S. Y., & Lewnard, J. A. (2026, May 07). Durability of doxycycline effectiveness against gonorrhoea after implementation of post-exposure prophylaxis in southern California, USA: a retrospective, test-negative, observational study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00123-4/fulltext

You Wanna Buy Some Death Sticks?

By: Jonathan J. Pena

At the age of 15, I took a drag off of my first cigarette and like many teens it was a response to a curious nature that was coupled heavily by peer pressure. The cool menthol taste coating my throat gave me excitement knowing that in a few seconds I would be exhaling a puff of cascading smoke in front of my peers. From that point on, I can remember smoking up to two packs of cigarettes a day. My lungs hurt just thinking about it now. Smoking cigarettes, as we all know, is a terrible habit to pick up. It has many damaging chemicals and compounds that can lead to some serious illnesses that can be fatal. Living with HIV requires a focus on living a healthier life, so it begs the question: what are the consequences of lighting up while on antiretroviral treatment?

Photo Source: Star Wars: The Clone Wars

In the United States, more than 4 in 10 people living with HIV are smokers, and people within this population are at great risk of dying from lung cancer according to a recent article published in POZ magazine. They also highlighted findings from a preceding published Danish research study in 2012 indicating that those who smoked and also were HIV-positive would lose 12 years of life in comparison to nonsmokers.[1] Poof, up in smoke! 

An additional study was noted by POZ Magazine from the research team at Massachusetts General Hospital that published their findings in JAMA Internal Medicine. They were interested in finding the estimated risk of lung cancer with people living with HIV in the United States. Through computer simulation the parameter of interest also include current, former smokers and those who never smoked. The study estimated that 25 percent of people who were smokers, HIV-positive and adherent to their antiretroviral (ARV) therapy would die of lung cancer. That number is estimated to be 6 percent if a smoker quits by 40 years of age.[2]

Some additional information was published by NAM's AIDS Map that further illustrates the growing concern with smoking and being HIV-positive. They indicated that in 2015, 40 percent of people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States were smokers. This was in contrast to only 15 percent of the general public. Additionally, what their finding show is that those who are adherent to their medication are 6 to 13 times more likely to die of lung cancer instead of an AIDS related sickness.[3]

I smoked for many years even after my HIV-positive diagnosis. I can understand why so many people living with HIV smoke. As a former smoker, I saw smoking as the one vice that I was able to allot myself because, heck, I was already HIV-positive so why the hell not? Thankfully, through fantastic leaps in modern medicine and no small amount of personal maturity, I am able to light up my life with healthier alternatives like exercising, eating well and continuing to adhere to my medication.

We owe it to ourselves to be more health conscious on what we put into our bodies, especially for those of us living with the virus. Our hands have the ability to do so many great things that involve creation, innovation, and love but all of that would be diminished or lost if we decide to replace it with "death" sticks.

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates. 

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[1] POZ Magazine (2017, September 18); 1 in 4 Smokers on Successful HIV Treatment Projected to Die of Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.poz.com/article/1-4-smokers-successful-hiv-treatment-projected-die-lung-cancer.
[2] POZ Magazine (2017, September 18); 1 in 4 Smokers on Successful HIV Treatment Projected to Die of Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.poz.com/article/1-4-smokers-successful-hiv-treatment-projected-die-lung-cancer.
[3] Alcom, Keith. (2017, September 19). Smokers with HIV doing well on treatment now at greater risk of lung cancer than AIDS. NAM Publications. Retrieved from https://www.aidsmap.com/Smokers-with-HIV-now-at-greater-risk-of-lung-cancer-than-AIDS/page/3173651/.