HIV Cure Breakthrough or Yet Another Fading Hope?

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

After decades of research and scientific breakthroughs, there is still no cure for HIV. Medical science has achieved significant advancements in testing, treatment, and prevention. HIV has only been eliminated from the body six times in people who required their own immune system to be completely eradicated and replaced through allogenic stem cell transplantation due to cancer (Cairns, 2023). This type of procedure is not viable for widespread use, given its health risks and likelihood of failure. HIV’s elusive ability to mutate and hide inside immune cells is what makes it formidable. However, a recent breakthrough gives hope that the virus’s ability to hide from the body’s immune system will soon be disrupted.

Photo Source: Drug Discovery World

Modern antiretroviral treatment (ART) is successful at achieving viral suppression to undetectable levels because it interferes with HIV’s ability to replicate. However, if ART is discontinued or inconsistent, HIV can resume replication, which is why lifelong ART is necessary. Even in people with undetectable status, some of the HIV virus is able to ‘hide in plain sight’ by infecting memory T-cells, integrating its proviral DNA, and lying dormant. The function of memory T-cells is to remember previous biological infections to enable the body to swiftly react (Cairns, 2023). By hiding inside immune cells, the HIV virus lies dormant and, in essence, is unable to be seen by the immune system, thus creating what medical science describes as an HIV reservoir, available for reactivation.

Recent research conducted in Australia indicates a means to identify where the HIV reservoir hides (Lay, 2025). Scientists were able to successfully deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) into the memory T-cells to instruct the cells to show where HIV is hiding. They achieved this by using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to transfect the resting T-cells with the desired mRNA. Previous attempts at using LNPs failed because it is difficult to coax the memory T-cells into uptaking the genetic material. Previous LNPs would not integrate. A new type of LNP enabled the cells to accept the entrance of the mRNA material, instructing the cell to express latent HIV (Cevaal et al., 2025). This new type of HIV-specific LNP essentially makes the T-cells wake the dormant HIV from its resting state. The LNPs were able to manipulate the T-cells without killing them. The hope is that when the body can identify the hidden HIV reservoir, it can attack and eradicate the virus (Cevaal et al., 2025). 

Although in its early stages, the breakthrough is promising, as it reveals a tool to shine a light on the HIV reservoir. Many questions remain regarding the future of this line of  HIV-related LNP research. It is not clear whether it is sufficient to wake dormant, hiding HIV to ‘show’ the body where it is to allow immune defenses to go after it, or if additional cellular activity will be required. Most importantly, scientists are uncertain about the level of ‘revelation’ required. Meaning, is it necessary to destroy the entirety of the HIV reservoir to render a person functionally HIV suppressed, or just a percentage? If only a percentage is required, then how much (Cevaal et al., 2025)?

Photo Source: Drug Discovery World 

This research is also promising because it has the potential to benefit the treatment of other diseases. The development of this study’s HIV-specific LNP could lead to the development of treatments for other T cell-implicated diseases or the generation of T cell-based immunotherapies (Cevaal et al., 2025). This study is another example of how HIV research has led to scientific benefits for many other diseases, including cancer.

Eradicating HIV requires solutions that are replicable, scalable, and permanent. These types of studies are promising since they are gene-therapy related. Research into ways of editing the body's instructions to make it immune to HIV infection or generate cellular environments inhospitable to HIV could potentially be less expensive and less taxing on the body than lifetime ART. The cells used for the study were donated by HIV patients. Many years of animal testing and human trials will be necessary before this research can be applied to help people. However, it is a promising start and could also help to develop tools to identify HIV in other parts of the body besides immune cells, where the virus may be hiding.

[1] Cairns, G. (2023, December). Why is HIV hard to cure? Retrieved from https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/why-hiv-hard-cure

[2] Lay, K. (2025, June 5). Breakthrough in search for HIV cure leaves researchers overwhelmed. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jun/05/breakthrough-in-search-for-hiv-cure-leaves-researchers-overwhelmed

[3] Cevaal, P.M. et al. (2025) ‘Efficient mrna delivery to resting T cells to reverse HIV latency’, Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60001-2#citeas. Nature Communications, 16(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60001-2

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.