Southern HIV/AIDS Awareness Day Puts Spotlight on the Southern Epidemic

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

Recently, Southern HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (SHAAD), August 20, was commemorated. It is a relevant necessity because, despite medical advances in HIV treatment and prevention, HIV/AIDS is still an epidemic, especially in the South. The region of the ‘Deep South’ is generally considered to be Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas (AIDSVu, 2025). Black and brown communities in the South are notably disproportionately affected by HIV. 

Photo Source: ADAP Advocacy

Judith Montenegro, Program Director for the Latino Commission on AIDS, emphasizes, “During Southern HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, we denounce both the South’s historic neglect of Latinx health and the federal government’s dangerous cuts to healthcare, research, and science. SHAAD is an opportunity for the region to come together with a common agenda to continue to advocate for our communities and stop anti-immigrant legislation, protect Medicaid, and access to HIV testing, treatment, and care.”

According to the most recent complete data, although representing 38% of the U.S. population, the South accounted for 52% of all new HIV diagnoses (AIDSVu, 2025). The South also leads in prevalence and HIV/AIDS related deaths. For clarity, incidence refers to rates of new transmissions, and prevalence is the number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Stigma, issues related to social determinants of health, and funding challenges contribute to HIV’s disproportionate impact on the South.

The AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP), which is authorized under Part B of the Ryan White CARE Act, has been highly effective at linking people living with HIV/AIDS to care and treatment in the U.S. over the last two decades. One notable exception: The South. Many public health programs – including ADAPs – have often fallen victim to cultural, political, and societal barriers that have made it difficult for ADAPs to function effectively in this region of the country. Ten years ago, ADAP Advocacy published a detailed analysis examining the disproportionate impact of barriers in the South, particularly as they relate to access to care.

Battling the HIV epidemic requires comprehensive care and preventative services for PLWHA and those vulnerable to transmission, regardless of the presence or lack of health insurance. The South has the highest rate of poverty and the lowest median household income in the U.S. in 2022 (AIDSvu.org, 2025). Income challenges considerably affect access to stable and quality housing, contribute to food insecurity, and create barriers to maintaining environments that allow people to thrive. Socioeconomic status (SES) research also indicates that low SES can increase the risk of someone contracting HIV and adversely influence PLWHA’s quality of life. Most importantly, poverty can affect one's ability to obtain insurance coverage. Lack of insurance or being under-insured is a significant barrier to treatment, testing, and prevention.

Photo Source: CDC

Medicaid is the primary way people with low incomes who cannot afford private insurance can obtain health coverage. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), nationally, access to care is similar for adults with Medicaid and those with private insurance (KFF, 2025). However, access to care falls drastically for those who are uninsured. Of the ten states that have not expanded Medicaid, eight are in the South: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas (Chatlani, 2024). This is significant because 1.6 million people in non-expansion states earn too much money to qualify for Medicaid but not enough to meet the thresholds for financial assistance with an ACA Marketplace plan.

While receiving some federal assistance, Medicaid programs are administered by the states. This is particularly important for states like Alabama, where eligibility for Medicaid requires earning at or below 18% of the federal poverty line, which is $4,678 per year for a three-person household (Chatlani, 2025). When people's earnings meet or exceed the poverty line, they are considered to have too much income for Medicaid. Meeting 100% of the poverty level means eligibility for Marketplace subsidies that would still result in premiums they cannot afford. Regarding the situation in Alabama, Kathie Hiers, CEO of AIDS Alabama, explains, “In Alabama, the barriers in the fight to end HIV as an epidemic are very real. The state has not expanded Medicaid and has one of the worst programs in the nation, with minimal financial eligibility. The state health report card ranks in the top ten worst for almost every disease state, from infant mortality to hypertension to obesity to HIV. Rural areas are particularly hard hit as hospitals close, and people are forced to travel long distances to access medical care.”

The disproportionate effects of HIV in the South are also why governmental funding cuts are so harmful. The Trump Administration’s grant terminations and proposed budget for next year reduce HIV related funding, especially in terms of prevention. The administration's draft plan for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services proposes terminating prevention funding at the CDC and eliminating funding for the Ending the HIV Epidemic Initiative, which was initiated during the President’s first term. Community-based groups rely on funding to survive as lifelines to vulnerable populations. In Jackson, Mississippi, a nonprofit healthcare group named My Brother’s Keeper is concerned that it may have to shut down its mobile outreach. They have a mobile RV that offers HIV tests to places such as community centers (Maxmen, 2025).

SES, stigma, and lack of insurance coverage also adversely affect the utilization of PrEP in the South. Research shows that increased access to and utilization of PrEP results in significantly better HIV transmission outcomes, even controlling for viral suppression (Sullivan et al.). However, studies show that in the U.S., Black, Hispanic, and transgender people, especially those living in the South, have lower utilization of PrEP compared to the number of people at high risk of contracting HIV (Sullivan et al., 2025). Resources are needed to build infrastructure and programs to reach Black and Latinx populations in terms of education and access to PrEP.

Photo Source: AIDSvu

Although the disproportionate impact of HIV in the South is dire, there is hope. Jeff Graham, Executive Director of Georgia Equality, had this to say, “For over forty years, our region has been under-resourced and often ignored. Addressing stigma and educating local communities are the keys to ending the HIV epidemic in the South. There have always been unique challenges to address the bias that women, people of color, LGBTQ+ communities, and those who live in rural or poor areas face every day, but our resilience has kept us going and will continue to be the driving force behind the community-based work that is as important now as it was in the early days of the epidemic. Despite the odds and the challenges, we must continue to educate, agitate, and mobilize as one united community of advocates."

The South continues to be disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS, and the region’s cultural, political, and societal barriers contribute to the health disparities. Change begins with raising awareness, and the community activities surrounding Southern HIV/AIDS Awareness Day play a crucial role in highlighting the issue. The work being done by Montenegro, Hiers, Graham, and so many others in the South offers offers hope and resilience.

Editor's Note: The Latino Commission on AIDS launched a Rapid Response Fund on August 20, 2025. Its purpose is to put resources directly into the hands of groups led by and serving LGBTQ+ Latine people living with HIV. These awards, up to $1,500 each, are designed to help organizations act quickly, defend their communities, and continue building local power across the South. Applications are open now and will be accepted on a rolling basis until funds are exhausted. The final deadline is December 15, 2025. LINK: https://form.jotform.com/southevents/hormiguro-rapid-response.

[1] AIDSVu. (2025, n.d.). Southern HIV/AIDS Awareness Day Toolkit 2025. Retrieved from https://aidsvu.org/resources/toolkits/toolkit-southern-hiv-aids-awareness-day-2025/#:~:text=August%2020%20is%20Southern%20HIV,region%20of%20the%20United%20States.

[2] Chatlani, S. (2024, July 19). In the 10 states that didn’t expand Medicaid, 1.6M can’t afford health insurance. Retrieved from https://stateline.org/2024/07/19/in-the-10-states-that-didnt-expand-medicaid-1-6m-cant-afford-health-insurance/#:~:text=The%20Affordable%20Care%20Act%2C%20also,%2C%20Texas%2C%20Wisconsin%20and%20Wyoming.

[3] Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). (2025, May 20). Medicaid State Fact Sheets. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/interactive/medicaid-state-fact-sheets/

[4] Maxmen, A. (2025, May 6). HIV testing and outreach falter as Trump funding cuts sweep the South. Retrieved from https://www.healthbeat.org/2025/05/06/hiv-trump-funding-cuts-south/

[5] Sullivan, P., Juhasz, M., DuBose, S., Le, G., Brisco, K., Isley, D., Curran, H., Rosenburg, E. (2025, June). Association of state-level PrEP coverage and new HIV diagnoses in the USA from 2012 to 2022: an ecological analysis of the population impact of PrEP. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(25)00036-0/fulltext 

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.   

Long-Acting Injectable Agents Continue to Reshape the HIV Care Continuum

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

Long-acting injectable (LAI) agents remain at the forefront of medical innovation, especially regarding HIV treatment and prevention. LAIs are significant because they increase access options for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) for treatment, opening pathways for sustained viral suppression. LAIs are a solution for PLWHA who experience challenges adhering to daily oral antiretrovirals. Taking pills daily is unduly mentally burdensome as a reminder of living with HIV/AIDS; some patients cannot take daily pills due to stigma and living in an unsafe environment, and many deal with housing instability or travel frequently (New Vision, 2025). Updated study results and other recent developments solidify the efficacy and promise of LAIs as the future of treatment and prevention.

Photo Source: EATG

Cabenuva (cabotegravir plus rilpivirine), approved in January 2021, is the first and only complete long-acting injectable and two-drug regimen available for HIV treatment. Initially, it was approved for monthly injection, then expanded to bi-monthly dosing (Haelle, 2025). However, Cabenuva was developed for PLWHA who have already achieved viral suppression before starting use. Ongoing research has been investigating the efficacy of Cabenuva for PLWHA with detectable viral loads, known as viremia. 

A recent study led by Ricky Hsu, MD, of NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City, indicates Cabenuva would also be effective for widespread use for PLWHA with viremia (Haelle, 2025). The study group consisted of patients selected from the Observational Pharmaco-Epidemiology Research & Analysis (OPERA) cohort. OPERA includes over 150,000 PLWHA. Among the eligible subjects who were U.S. residents, eighty-eight percent achieved viral suppression. PLWHA with viremia on oral medication need options to facilitate reaching viral suppression, and the study shows the promise of future widespread indications for LAIs to achieve that goal (Haelle, 2025). 

Moreover, the final results of the CARES study on LAI antiretroviral therapy in Africa, released in March of this year at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in San Francisco, further support the efficacy of LAIs. The results were so promising that the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its guidelines to inform that virally suppressed PLWHA on oral medications may switch to Cabenuva because it is equivalent (New Vision, 2025). As future studies confirm the widespread use for PLWHA with viremia, the goal would be for the WHO to add this to its guidelines.

Photo Source: European Pharmaceutical Review

While very effective, Cabenuva must be administered in a medical office setting, as it is given through intramuscular injection. The requirement of travel to a clinic setting is a potential barrier for PLWHA, particularly those with transportation challenges, especially if they do not live near a conveniently located facility. A study led by Eric Meissner, M.D., Ph.D., at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) examined the possibility of LAI injections in a home setting (MUSC, 2025). The project gave thirty-three participants the option to receive injections in a clinic setting or at home. Eighteen chose the home setting.

In the home setting, eighteen PLWHA were visited by licensed practical nurses (LPNs) who gave the injections. Meissner’s group arranged for pharmacies to mail LAIs to patients, along with instructions to store the medication in their refrigerators until LPN arrival. Patients were highly satisfied, indicating that home administration is a plausible way to enhance patient adherence. Home injections would be more challenging on a widespread level, given the logistics necessary to coordinate pharmacy with staffing LPNs to visit homes (MUSC, 2025). Moreover, insurance does not reimburse for the staff coordination of pharmacy and nurse visits. Making home LAI administration commonplace would require innovation of funding infrastructure as well as staffing solutions.

Photo Source: Tu Salud

Cabenuva is a beneficial first step in the widespread use of LAIs for HIV treatment; however, it is not universally appropriate. Some PLWHA cannot use Cabenuva because they have resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The rilpivirine component of Cabenuva is an NRRTI (Haelle, 2025). One possible solution is the use of lenacapavir (Sunlenca) in addition to Cabenuva. Sunlenca is a semi-annual LAI used for people on oral antiretroviral treatment who have multiple-drug resistance issues. However, the future of long-acting agents should also include other options, such as those that are oral. One option under study is a weekly dosage of an oral combination of islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, and lenacapavir (Haelle, 2024).

Eliminating HIV has required and will continue to require multiple tools of treatment. Current utilization of LAIs will lead to the development of new injectables and non-injectable long-acting agents. The variety of available therapies needs to keep up with the increasing variance in the characteristics of PLWHA in need of treatment. Continued research and funding innovation will be necessary to ensure the rapid growth of LAIs, and other non-injectable long-acting agents continues.

[1] Haelle, T. (2024, March 11). Once-Weekly ART Showed Similar Efficacy for HIV as Daily ART. Retrieved from https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/croi/109111

[2] Haelle, T. (2025, August 4). The Future of ART Regimens for HIV Is in Long-Acting Agents. Retrieved from https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/the-future-of-art-regimens-for-hiv-is-in-long-acting-agents/ar-AA1JTX8S?ocid=socialshare

[3] New Vision. (2025, August 6). Long-acting injectable HIV treatment as effective as daily oral pill — study. Retrieved from https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/long-acting-injectable-hiv-treatment-as-effective-as-daily-oral-pill-study/ar-AA1K4slS?ocid=socialshare

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.   

Conscience Trumps Care under the Medical Ethics Defense Act

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

The basic expectation that one can go to a hospital or other healthcare facility to receive needed healthcare is increasingly under attack. Federal and state actors are pushing legislation that allows providers to deny care to patients. The legislation purports to protect practitioners from being discriminated against for declining to participate in medical procedures that violate their religious beliefs. The reality is that patients are being discriminated against by being denied medically necessary treatment. These 'conscience protections' began to allow healthcare professionals to deny abortion care. However, these legal efforts are expanding in ways to permit a wider lens of patient care denial based on providers' personal beliefs.

Photo Source: Hall Benefits Law, LLC

The Weldon Amendment has been a driving force used to give cover to those who wish to deny abortion care. It denies federal funding to any provider or entity that discriminates against those who do not provide abortion care in response to religious objection. The amendment is not a law, but rather a provision that has been approved and added to annual appropriations bills since 2005, involving funding provided through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S.Department of Labor (DOL). 

Some private health plans and those offered on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplace are required to cover abortion care. Nevertheless, 

Tennessee has made conscience protection into law to an extent, reaching much farther than abortion care, allowing patients to be legally discriminated against, which can result in harm from denied care. The state signed the Medical Ethics Defense Act (MEDA) into law in April 2025 (Lee, 2025). The law states that "A healthcare provider must not be required to participate in or pay for a healthcare procedure, treatment, or service that violates the conscience of the healthcare provider." Emergency services are protected by the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) (Lee, 2025). 

Nevertheless, the markedly vague language of MEDA gives providers and entities broad latitude to refuse care simply based on deeply held beliefs. The language of the bill defines conscience as, 'sincerely held ethical, moral, or religious beliefs or principles held by a healthcare provider. The bill also makes the following distinctions:

• "Healthcare professional" means a person who participates in any way in a healthcare procedure, treatment, or service;
• "Healthcare provider" means a healthcare professional, healthcare institution, or healthcare payer; and 
• "Participate” means to provide, perform, assist with, facilitate, refer for, counsel for, advise with regard to, admit for the purposes of providing, or take part in any way in providing any healthcare procedure, treatment, or service.

Photo Source: The New York Times

The vague distinctions defined by the statute verbiage potentially allow doctors, nurses, phlebotomists, and even front desk staff to refuse service to patients based on personal bias or bigotry unassociated with specific religious doctrine, such as Catholicism's views on contraception and abortion. A doctor could refuse HIV care to someone who presented as LGBTQ because they view homosexuality as aberrant. If doctors in academic medical centers freely discriminated against patients, those with complex conditions untreatable elsewhere would have no recourse for treatment (Lee, 2025). 

Back in 1999, a California resident, Guadalupe Benitez, was denied artificial insemination fertility services because she was single. The practitioner stated it was against her religious beliefs to perform such services on unmarried women (Patsner, 2008). Ms. Benitez was referred to another doctor in the same medical practice and was unsuccessful after eleven months of infertility treatment. She was subsequently referred to a practitioner outside of the initial practice's medical group. It was later revealed that the true motivations for the initial doctor's treatment denial were because Ms. Benitez was open about being a lesbian. Ms. Benitez sued the practice for the denial.

When she first sued, she won her case with a ruling that physicians in a for-profit medical practice group must comply with California's anti-discrimination law (Patsner, 2008). The decision was appealed and overturned in the appellate court, and then appealed to the California Supreme Court. The California Supreme Court asked the question, "Does a physician have a constitutional right to refuse on religious grounds to perform a medical procedure for a patient because of the patient's sexual orientation?" (Patsner, 2008). Ultimately, the state Supreme Court ruled that a physician or practice group cannot refuse care to gay men or lesbians on religious grounds. There was no determination or discussion on the issue of being unmarried as a means of denial.

Federal laws don't allow claims of conscience to enable the violation of federal discrimination laws, which is why so much state-level legislation has been proposed. Iowa tried to pass House Study Bill 139, which eventually died in committee. It would have allowed providers and payers to deny medical services they felt violated their conscience (Opsahl, 2025). Most importantly, it would have shielded them from any civil, criminal, or administrative penalties for exercising their rights of denial. Kentucky tried to pass a similar bill, SB132, which also died in committee. It would have also provided legal protection to providers who deny services due to sincerely held religious, moral, or ethical concerns (Acquisto, 2025).

These medical conscience protection laws are perilous because they prioritize the personal beliefs of providers or payors over patients' evidence-based medical needs. Refusal of care is dire when there is a paucity of options for providers. A patient cannot be simply referred to another provider if one does not exist or is located prohibitively far away. Moreover, these laws are being written to provide those who deny care due to conscience with the means to seek a legal remedy if they feel their conscience rights are being violated. Politicizing population health is a disservice to society and deadly for patients. Patients and stakeholders who prioritize patient welfare must remain vigilant in monitoring conscience protection legislation, as efforts to deny care will continue.

[1] Acuisto, A. (2025, March 10). 'Medical conscience' bill advances in KY. Opponents say it's a license to discriminate. Retrieved from  https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/medical-conscience-bill-advances-in-ky-opponents-say-it-s-a-license-to-discriminate/ar-AA1AB3G2?ocid=socialshare

[2] Lee, C. (2025, July 30). The Right to discriminate against a patient. Retrieved from https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/116741

[3] Opsahl, R. (2025, February 12). Conscience protections for medical providers move ahead in the Iowa House. Retrieved from https://www.yahoo.com/news/conscience-protections-medical-providers-move-004022512.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9tYWlsLmdvb2dsZS5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAKtwUParB4LffkgGpSK52f_FBRbutTYwDMV1zJckter97uFn-H2rfAcHZfgoXX_2RNk4PJ3TDEafRuLaP0E7LuC_fJNmln8VAgdrfi9LIgu6l_v1YJq_6NojSKIh95up8_ZzFjyYWtkXh_3x_rKewVvk5VnZDD4OYDRMWEaoUa5B

[4] Patsner, B. (2008, August). Refusing to Treat: Are There Limits to Physician "Conscience" Claims?. Retrieved fromhttps://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/2008/(BP)%20conscience.pdf

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.   

Paternalistic Ableism Voices Are A Growing Threat to Silence Patient Advocates

By:  Brandon M. Macsata, ADAP Advocacy CEO, Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor, and Kalvin Pugh, ADAP Advocacy 340B Patient Advisory Committee Member

Healthcare policy is a complex issue, especially in the United States, with its fragmented system. Numerous stakeholders compete to influence the healthcare ecosystem — all with financial stakes in the game — including government agencies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, hospitals, practitioners, pharmacy benefits managers, insurance companies, pharmacies, and patients. Some of these stakeholders embrace the patient experience and encourage their involvement in the debate because they recognize that it is they, as patients, who are at the center of the healthcare ecosystem. Sadly, others have contempt for patient involvement. Their contempt leads to patients being attacked for their views, sometimes even to character assassinations, because their views align with pharmaceutical industry interests.

Photo Source: Bioethics Today

The relationship between patient advocacy and industry has and continues to evolve. For example, decades ago, at the early stages of the HIV epidemic, the relationship was adversarial. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) felt targeted and attacked by the medical establishment. Fear and stigma generated from many unknowns left PLWHA marginalized and manipulated by science and society, effectuating institutional disempowerment.

As such, the Denver Principles came to fruition. In 1983, at the Fifth Annual National Lesbian and Gay Health Conference held in Denver, Colorado, a group of people came together and drafted a manifesto (Rodriguez, 2023). The Denver Principles manifesto was a declaration of dignity and a statement reclaiming the rights to be treated humanely and non-paternalistically regarding HIV related medical treatment. Most importantly, the Denver Principles established collective PLWHA advocacy, creating a voice that the general public and medical establishment would have to listen to. 

The Denver Principles manifesto consisted of four sections: recommendations for healthcare professionals, recommendations for people with AIDS, recommendations for all people, and the rights of people with AIDS (U.S. PLHIV Caucus, n.d.). One of the poignant recommendations for health care professionals was to “Treat People with AIDS as whole people and address psychosocial issues as well as biophysical ones” (U.S. PLHIV Caucus, n.d.). One of the principles for PLWHA was to “Be included in all AIDS forums with equal credibility as other participants, to share their own experiences and knowledge” (U.S. PLHIV Caucus, n.d.). A notable right of PLWHA stated was the right “To quality medical treatment and quality social service provision without discrimination of any form, including sexual orientation, gender, diagnosis, economic status or race” (U.S. PLHIV Caucus, n.d.).

Photo Source: i-base

Although the Denver Principles were birthed through an HIV lens, the conference where they were presented contained many varied panels, including holistic medicine and alcohol and substance abuse (Rodgriguez, 2023). Many advocacy populations have used the Denver Principles as a blueprint, which is evidence of the need for patient advocacy in multiple spaces. Advocating for beneficial healthcare policy, insurance reform, disease decriminalization laws, and even medication access requires discourse with and assistance from industry. Patients need industry to effectively comprehend and act upon their needs, just as industry needs patients to survive from a business perspective, as well as to engage positively as part of the overall social compact for a healthy, functioning dynamic. One example is that the pharmaceutical industry needs to create effective medications and help ensure patients have access to the drugs because dead patients don’t take medication.

Moreover, effective financial and other resource provision partnerships with industry allow advocacy groups to fight for patients in more direct ways than industry can. Industry wants patient populations to thrive just as patients desire the infrastructure to enable them to live their best lives. When a patient's needs align with industry wants, industry financial backing does not turn patients into marketing lobbying slaves. There is no patient benefit in advocating or pushing an agenda that is not in the best interests of patient health and overall well-being. Patients are independent thinkers and are not manipulated by corporate malfeasance. Many advocacy groups that receive financial backing forthrightly communicate to their sponsors that they will never advocate for something that contradicts their beliefs, even if it may be beneficial to the corporate bottom line. 

When critics of the drug manufacturers, or even fellow advocates, attempt to denigrate the contributions of individuals or organizations that align themselves with industry partners, it is not the insult one may think. It reflects the other party's lack of imagination for what valuable collaborative partnerships can be. Other thought-leaders express an enlightened view, evidenced by extensive research done on the patient experience with industry, thereby demonstrating the mutually beneficial relationship.

Photo Source: LinkedIn | Matt Toresco

Negatively characterizing patient advocacy for “having industry ties” also demonstrates a vile attitude that patients aren’t independent-minded, well-equipped with critical thinking skills. Instead, their “gotcha” attitudes are deeply rooted in paternalistic ableism. This line of thinking, recently on display by a reporter for a faux digital “news” outlet on all things 340B-related, often leads to character assassinations of patients living with severe chronic health conditions, sometimes even life-threatening ones, for expressing their opinions. It truly matters not if these patient advocates or patient advocacy organizations accept financial sponsorships from drug manufacturers; simply agreeing with industry, in their paternalistic ableism lens, disqualifies them from expressing those opinions.

In reality, patients are educated and savvy enough to come to their own conclusions about what is best for their healthcare. Equally valid, patients come to different conclusions without being told what to think or accepting a financial sponsorship.

It may be understandable from some in the HIV space who carry with them the trauma of what happened in the 1980s, or what appears to be slow responses and delayed medication options. But today is not 1985. It is 2025, where we all face uphill uncertainty, and it’s important to reframe our thinking when the truth is that patients and industry can, and do, share common goals.

Attacking patients is paternal at best, and demeaning at worst. When entities attack patient advocacy groups with malicious intent, it is evidence that the motivations of those entities are not patient-focused. It is deliberately irresponsible when individuals or entities slander the work of effective patient advocacy groups by using feeble allegations of insignificant operational characteristics to create a narrative of impropriety. Such actions raise questions about the motivations and funding of entities engaged in this behavior.

Photo Source: ABC News - Australia

The landscape of healthcare in the United States often leaves patients feeling like helpless pawns devoured by the cogs of the machinery of a complex system. The avenues for patients to fight for themselves continue to evolve. Patient advocacy encompasses a range of efforts, from individual initiatives to partnerships and community groups. Effective advocacy requires resources such as networking connections, access to subject matter experts, education, communications, data analysis, travel, and more. These endeavors often require financial resources as well. At times, health industry entities partner with patient advocacy groups, providing the necessary funding to enable patients to advocate for decisions that affect their lives, ensuring they are made with a patient-focused lens. 

Industry money does not render patient advocacy tainted or disingenuous. Often, patient goals align with industry goals in a manner like that of patient-provider alignment. Unfortunately, entities that do not have patient well-being at the forefront of their motivations often deliberately conflate industry funding with manipulation, portraying ‘patient advocacy as industry shill’ as a misguided narrative. Simply put, they’re wrong!

[1] Rodriguez, M. (2023, July 5). Remembering the Denver Principles, 40 years later. Retrieved from https://www.thebody.com/article/hiv-denver-principles-40-years-later

[2] U.S. PLHIV Caucus. (n.d.). The Denver Principles (1983). Retrieved from https://www.hivcaucus.org/resource-links/the-denver-principles-1983

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.   

HIV Cure Breakthrough or Yet Another Fading Hope?

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

After decades of research and scientific breakthroughs, there is still no cure for HIV. Medical science has achieved significant advancements in testing, treatment, and prevention. HIV has only been eliminated from the body six times in people who required their own immune system to be completely eradicated and replaced through allogenic stem cell transplantation due to cancer (Cairns, 2023). This type of procedure is not viable for widespread use, given its health risks and likelihood of failure. HIV’s elusive ability to mutate and hide inside immune cells is what makes it formidable. However, a recent breakthrough gives hope that the virus’s ability to hide from the body’s immune system will soon be disrupted.

Photo Source: Drug Discovery World

Modern antiretroviral treatment (ART) is successful at achieving viral suppression to undetectable levels because it interferes with HIV’s ability to replicate. However, if ART is discontinued or inconsistent, HIV can resume replication, which is why lifelong ART is necessary. Even in people with undetectable status, some of the HIV virus is able to ‘hide in plain sight’ by infecting memory T-cells, integrating its proviral DNA, and lying dormant. The function of memory T-cells is to remember previous biological infections to enable the body to swiftly react (Cairns, 2023). By hiding inside immune cells, the HIV virus lies dormant and, in essence, is unable to be seen by the immune system, thus creating what medical science describes as an HIV reservoir, available for reactivation.

Recent research conducted in Australia indicates a means to identify where the HIV reservoir hides (Lay, 2025). Scientists were able to successfully deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) into the memory T-cells to instruct the cells to show where HIV is hiding. They achieved this by using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to transfect the resting T-cells with the desired mRNA. Previous attempts at using LNPs failed because it is difficult to coax the memory T-cells into uptaking the genetic material. Previous LNPs would not integrate. A new type of LNP enabled the cells to accept the entrance of the mRNA material, instructing the cell to express latent HIV (Cevaal et al., 2025). This new type of HIV-specific LNP essentially makes the T-cells wake the dormant HIV from its resting state. The LNPs were able to manipulate the T-cells without killing them. The hope is that when the body can identify the hidden HIV reservoir, it can attack and eradicate the virus (Cevaal et al., 2025). 

Although in its early stages, the breakthrough is promising, as it reveals a tool to shine a light on the HIV reservoir. Many questions remain regarding the future of this line of  HIV-related LNP research. It is not clear whether it is sufficient to wake dormant, hiding HIV to ‘show’ the body where it is to allow immune defenses to go after it, or if additional cellular activity will be required. Most importantly, scientists are uncertain about the level of ‘revelation’ required. Meaning, is it necessary to destroy the entirety of the HIV reservoir to render a person functionally HIV suppressed, or just a percentage? If only a percentage is required, then how much (Cevaal et al., 2025)?

Photo Source: Drug Discovery World 

This research is also promising because it has the potential to benefit the treatment of other diseases. The development of this study’s HIV-specific LNP could lead to the development of treatments for other T cell-implicated diseases or the generation of T cell-based immunotherapies (Cevaal et al., 2025). This study is another example of how HIV research has led to scientific benefits for many other diseases, including cancer.

Eradicating HIV requires solutions that are replicable, scalable, and permanent. These types of studies are promising since they are gene-therapy related. Research into ways of editing the body's instructions to make it immune to HIV infection or generate cellular environments inhospitable to HIV could potentially be less expensive and less taxing on the body than lifetime ART. The cells used for the study were donated by HIV patients. Many years of animal testing and human trials will be necessary before this research can be applied to help people. However, it is a promising start and could also help to develop tools to identify HIV in other parts of the body besides immune cells, where the virus may be hiding.

[1] Cairns, G. (2023, December). Why is HIV hard to cure? Retrieved from https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/why-hiv-hard-cure

[2] Lay, K. (2025, June 5). Breakthrough in search for HIV cure leaves researchers overwhelmed. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jun/05/breakthrough-in-search-for-hiv-cure-leaves-researchers-overwhelmed

[3] Cevaal, P.M. et al. (2025) ‘Efficient mrna delivery to resting T cells to reverse HIV latency’, Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60001-2#citeas. Nature Communications, 16(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60001-2

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.   

Barriers Mount for Undocumented Residents Seeking Health Care

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

The Trump Administration’s aggressive posture on immigration is exerting chaotic uncertainty on many aspects of the lives of undocumented residents and those without permanent citizenship. This includes health care, where recent actions could result in a public health crisis. Federal and state actions are adversely affecting health care access for affected populations, including threatening HIV-related care. Many stakeholders are speaking out about the consequences of the President’s executive order targeting federal benefits for those deemed to be living in the country illegally. There is also litigation being pursued in an attempt to mitigate present and potential harms. Adverse effects on the undocumented population’s access to healthcare are a population health problem for all.

Photo Source: BBC

In February 2025, the President issued an executive order to eliminate all federal benefits for illegal immigrants as part of his ongoing campaign deriding fiscal waste, fraud, and abuse (Samuels, 2025). The utility of the order is unclear, as noncitizens, except for refugees and in some instances of emergencies, were already ineligible for federal benefits like Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) (Broder & Lessard, 2024). 

It does pose as a deterrent for anyone seeking to enter the country illegally to access assistance and benefits. The order also requests improvements to eligibility verification systems and requires people found to be improperly obtaining federal benefits to be referred to the Justice Department and Homeland Security (Samuels, 2025). Without a clear indication of what programs are being specifically targeted, the order creates instability due to uncertainty. It also potentially leads to concerns about healthcare access.

In July, in alignment with the February executive order, HHS reversed a Clinton-era interpretation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) (HHS, 2025). This interpretation enabled individuals without permanent legal status to access specific federal benefits, such as Head Start and community health centers, including federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). The new HHS policy reversal states that undocumented individuals can no longer benefit from taxpayer-funded programs, such as FQHCs, and a list of other initiatives (HHS, 2025). 

Federal regulations require community health centers, such as FQHCs, to provide care to all residents within their service area. The HHS reversal conflicts with the federal Health Center Program as authorized in Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA). It leaves community health facilities in an unstable position. Shawn K. Frick, CEO of the Community Health Center Association of Connecticut, stated, “The notice from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services raises significant questions about how community health centers in Connecticut and across the country can continue to meet their legal and moral obligations” (Carlesso, 2025).

Community health centers are dedicated to providing comprehensive care for all individuals to maintain public health. Connecticut health care leaders are concerned about how the conflicting messaging could negatively impact their ability to provide quality care. Currently, they do not inquire about a person's legal immigration status. If they eventually are told they have to verify status before providing care, many residents will fall out of care. Moreover, centers are not equipped to effectively verify status, which would add to the administrative burden of community health centers. In Connecticut, providers are already reporting that patients are cancelling appointments and requesting to be changed to telehealth services to avoid physically coming into treatment out of fear of deportation (Carlesso, 2025).

Photo Source: USA Today

Connecticut practitioners are also concerned about potentially having to deny care to people receiving care under the Connecticut HUSKY for immigrants program, giving government-sponsored health benefits to undocumented persons, such as 15,600 children who are enrolled in the program (Carlesso, 2025). Preventive healthcare prevents public health from deteriorating to poorer states of health, which require more expensive intervention. Keeping people healthy is beneficial for both public health and the local and state economies. 

People who do not maintain their health issues advance to disease states that result in high emergency room utilization. Senate Minority Leader Stephen Harding, R-Brookfield, and Sen. Heather Somers, R-Groton, expressed that the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) announcement does not ban services for undocumented residents. They feel it simply means that undocumented residents can seek care at FQHCs, but will have to pay for it completely themselves without any taxpayer-funded assistance (Carlesso, 2025). Presently, Connecticut practitioners are not denying any care nor interrogating for legal status. However, the uncertainty of future guidance is already negatively affecting the vulnerable populations in need of care. 

This month, twenty state Democratic attorneys general (AGs) and the District of Columbia sued the Trump Administration over the HHS policy change (Goldman, 2025). They argue that the administration overstepped and violated administrative law. They also emphasized the serious harm to public health and the lack of resources for programs such as homeless shelters, overdose emergency services, and more to perform eligibility verifications at the point of services (Goldman, 2025). New York Attorney General Letitia James said in a statement, "These programs work because they are open, accessible, and grounded in compassion…This is a baseless attack on some of our country's most effective and inclusive public programs, and we will not let it stand” (Goldman, 2025). 

Attempting to bar noncitizen residents from certain lifesaving care services provided through federal funding is literally a matter of life and death for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) is the only means by which undocumented PLWHA are able to receive their care and antiretroviral medication. Without care, they would lose viral suppression, progress to advanced disease states, and would also be at risk for increasing transmission rates. The RWHAP does not require proof of citizenship or residency (Mercer, 2025).

However, state laws have the potential to endanger the ability of undocumented PLWHA to receive HIV care from the RWHAP. Idaho passed HB135, which required people to prove their legal status before accessing public benefits such as HIV testing, other communicable disease testing, and HIV treatment programs, both federal and non-federal. (Mercer, 2025). The ACLU of Idaho, the National Immigration Law Center, and several other parties filed a lawsuit to request a temporary restraining order (TRO) to prevent Idaho from enforcing HB135 in regard to HIV treatment. A federal judge granted the TRO, which means that, for now, noncitizen PLWHA in Idaho will not be denied their lifesaving medication and care. (Mercer, 2025). However, if the injunction is not continually extended or made permanent, or if the state legally appeals and the decision is reversed, then access could be lost. The future of lifesaving HIV care access through RWHAP for undocumented PLWHA is uncertain, with the potential conundrum of states pursuing legislation in conflict with the federal RWHAP requirements of providing care for all, regardless of legal status.

Photo Source: Georgetown Univ. McCourt School of Public Policy

People living without permanent legal status are also losing access to healthcare as a result of Medicaid rollbacks. California, Illinois, and Minnesota are reversing the Medicaid expansions that the states previously enacted, which allowed thousands of undocumented immigrants to access Medicaid coverage (Nguyen & Shastri, 2025). The changes are due to budgetary constraints coupled with looming cuts to federal Medicaid funding. California is not removing any adult immigrants from the rolls, but new enrollments will cease in 2026, and adults under 60 years of age will be required to pay a $ 30 monthly fee. Illinois will be rescinding coverage to adult immigrants without legal status aged 42 to 64, and Minnesota’s new budget cuts Medicaid coverage for all undocumented adults (Nguyen & Shastri, 2025). Children in Minnesota will remain covered, but adults will need to purchase private health insurance. Patients will lose coverage for life-sustaining and preventive care, and providers will lose revenue due to lost billing from the program.

The current administration’s targeting of healthcare access of undocumented immigrants in the name of fiscal responsibility does not generate savings, justifying the damage that will result in regard to public health. Moreover, potentially requiring community health centers to verify legal status is an expansion of federal efforts to identify undocumented individuals for the purposes of deportation. The outcome of existing lawsuits will set precedents and provide a positive or negative trajectory for the public health of undocumented residents.

[1] Broder, T., Lessard, G. (2024, May 1). Overview of Immigrant Eligibility for Federal Programs. Retrieved from https://www.nilc.org/resources/overview-immeligfedprograms/

[2] Carlesso, J. (2025, July 15).HHS ban on serving undocumented clients a ‘fundamental shift,’ CT health centers say. Retrieved from   https://ctmirror.org/2025/07/15/ct-health-centers-undocumented-immigrants/

[3] Goldman, M. (2025, July 21). States sue over citizenship curbs on Head Start, clinics. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/2025/07/21/states-sue-trump-public-benefit

[4] Mercer, O. (2025, July 1). Federal Judge Blocks Idaho Immigration Law Affecting HIV Program Access. Retrieved from https://www.visaverge.com/immigration/federal-judge-blocks-idaho-immigration-law-affecting-hiv-program-access/

[5] Nguyen, T., Shastri, D. (2025, July 21). 3 Democrat-led states have rolled back Medicaid access for people lacking permanent legal status. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/medicaid-immigrants-california-illinois-minnesota-ice-f43d5681a6e9d45d274790c2eae716ee?utm_campaign=KHN%3A%20First%20Edition&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8GpW2rskV94yxV8zgIxLwBJHqYTLYFuHf0Ec0s8bO1rTORv8fR7tl7vcUtRPiM_WxLN4QbolpLKXOrUaKFljag-siC6Q&_hsmi=372382415&utm_content=372382415&utm_source=hs_email

[6] Samuels, B. (2025, February 19). Trump signs order targeting any federal benefits going to those in the country illegally. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5154614-trump-order-federal-benefits/

[7] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2025, July 10). Press Release: HHS Bans Illegal Aliens from Accessing its Taxpayer-Funded Programs. Retrieved fromhttps://www.hhs.gov/press-room/prwora-hhs-bans-illegal-aliens-accessing-taxpayer-funded-programs.html

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.   

Fake HIV Medicine Finds Its Way into NYC Pharmacies

By: Ranier Simons, ADAP Blog Guest Contributor

Counterfeit medication is a serious threat to public health in 2025. There have been numerous warnings issued over fake cancer drugs, fake Botox, and more recently, counterfeit GLP-1s. While obscure online pharmacies and other non-traditional sources remain easy access points for fake drugs, they are increasingly infiltrating the legitimate supply chain. On several occasions in recent years, the HIV drug supply chain has been at the center of counterfeit drug schemes, often perpetrated by nefarious actors using gay dating apps, like Grindr and Jack'd. And now, according to an alert by the Partnership for Safe Medicines, alleged fake HIV medicines have been found in a New York City pharmacy.

Photo Source: American Medical Women's Association

Gilead Sciences has been a repeat victim of counterfeit drug schemes over the past few years. In 2021, taking advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic, counterfeiters targeted Gilead’s remdesivir. The investigation revealed that a significant portion was coming from Mexico and Turkey (Gilead Sciences, n.d.). In 2022, Gilead filed a lawsuit against a ring of counterfeiters selling over 85,000 fraudulent bottles of its HIV antiretrovirals Biktarvy and Descovy (Walker & Ramey, 2022). Although Gilead has seized thousands of bottles of counterfeit drugs from unauthorized distributors and won lawsuits, the harm continues. A U.S. District court in New York recently unsealed another complaint filed by Gilead Sciences.

A patient contacted Gilead because the bottle of Biktarvy they purchased from their local pharmacy was short by eight pills. Upon investigating the bottle, Gilead discovered that the label was a high-quality fake. The lot number on the bottle was outdated, and the expiration date was falsified. The packaging was a well-done counterfeit, as it contained only a minor typo, and the print resolution of the branding was only moderately off. Alarmingly, the patient had already consumed all the pills; thus, it was impossible to know if the pills in the bottle were Biktarvy or some other substance (Gilead vs. City Plus, 2025). Notably, evidence showed that the contents were filled by the counterfeiters, not Gilead. In past counterfeit transgressions involving Gilead medications, bottles were filled with medications other than the ones intended to be in them. Taking medications not prescribed to a patient could result in adverse effects ranging from overdoses of unnecessary medications to the advancement of disease states because of non-treatment with the proper drug.

Photo Source: Partnership for Safe Medicines

The most pertinent issue of the lawsuit Gilead is filing against the pharmacy that sold the counterfeit drug is that the pharmacy’s owner and operators will not voluntarily reveal the source of the fraudulent medication (Gilead vs. City Plus, 2025). As Gilead points out in the complaint, “Any legitimate pharmacy would be horrified to learn it had dispensed counterfeit HIV medicine and would do all in its power to identify the source of the counterfeit and stop it from happening again. The Defendants here instead obstructed Gilead’s investigation and refused to provide any information about the counterfeit they sold” (Gilead vs. City Plus, 2025). The fake packaging is very sophisticated and requires expensive equipment. Thus, Gilead explains that the elaborate effort indicates a larger counterfeit manufacturing scheme. Gilead accuses the pharmacy of participating in the counterfeiting and distribution of fraudulent medications, not just Biktarvy, but also others, given the sophistication of the machinery necessary to create the fake packaging.

Gilead Sciences is poised to suffer significant monetary losses due to the sale of counterfeit medications, as well as potential damage to its brand and reputation. However, the most alarming issue is the danger to public health (Gilead vs. City Plus, 2025). Hiding the source of the counterfeit medications delays the stoppage of the flow of harmful medications into the drug supply. The investment necessary to procure the labeling and printing equipment used to create the fake Biktarvy means that other medications are likely being counterfeited on a large scale. In addition to the cessation of selling any Gilead-branded medications, whether legitimate or counterfeit, and punitive damages, Gilead Sciences demands the destruction and impounding of the pharmacy’s Gilead-branded supply. It also demands that the offending pharmacy turn over all documentation associated with the purchase and sale of Gilead-labeled medications.

Counterfeiters target expensive and widely utilized medications, other than just HIV antiretrovirals. "This is another benefit of the Drug Supply Chain Safety Act (DSCSA) for patient safety. The DSCSA created a standard way to trace medicine, and a standard way for honest pharmacies to prove their innocence," said Shabbir Imber Safdar, Executive Director of the Partnership for Safe Medicines. He added, “This standardization of documentation means that a supply chain member who has strayed from the safe supply chain cannot stall investigators for weeks hiding their crime." Popular targets are painkillers, antibiotics, and ‘lifestyle’ drugs. In April 2025, the FDA issued a warning about several hundred units of counterfeit Ozempic it had seized (Lovelace, 2025). Previously, thousands of counterfeit Ozempic 1 milligram injections had been seized by the FDA from warehouses outside of Novo Nordisk’s authorized supply chain in 2023 (Reuters, 2023). Additionally, a group of patients in Australia were harmed by fake Ozempic. The patients experienced hypoglycemia and seizures, indicating the counterfeit injections contained insulin instead of Ozempic’s semaglutide (Burger & Murray 2023). The adverse effects could have been deadly. The counterfeit injection pens had been obtained online. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) confirmed that none of the fake Ozempic had reached retail pharmacies.

Photo Source: Statista

The cost of prescription medication remains a trending topic in the news cycle as well as a financial concern for many Americans. Legislation, such as parts of the Inflation Reduction Act, in addition to pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) operations, currently places pharmacies, especially independent ones, under financial strain. This creates an environment for counterfeit drug manufacturers to find inroads to circulate fraudulent products in the legitimate supply chain. The pharmacy in the recent Gilead suit appears to be a willing participant in the fraud (Gilead vs. City Plus, 2025). Safdar adds, "if true, these allegations of dispensing counterfeit medications reveal a deep betrayal of patients and a violation of patient safety. American patients should never have to worry if they are receiving real medicine when dealing with licensed bricks and mortar pharmacies." However, given the growing sophistication of counterfeit drug production, in an attempt to stay financially sound, unknowing pharmacies could fall victim to improperly sourced products. Counterfeiters create false sourcing documentation in addition to fake products and packaging. 

The World Health Organization estimates the global counterfeit pharmaceutical market value to be between $75 billion and $200 billion (Izgi & Altunay, 2025). It is imperative for the United States to propagate policies that strengthen the drug supply chain and bolster pharmacy support. It is not hyperbole to say that counterfeit medications are a matter of life and death. They are both an international and a domestic issue, given that pharmaceuticals are global products. It would be beneficial for the Department of Justice to take an interest in the current Gilead Sciences complaint, as well as the broader issue of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.

[1] Burger, L., Murray, M. (2023, October 24). Suspected fake Ozempic puts several in hospital in Austria. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/several-people-taken-hospital-austria-after-taking-suspected-fake-ozempic-2023-10-24/

[2] Gilead Sciences vs. City Plus Care Pharmacy. 2025, March 17). Case 1:25-cv-01469-RER-RML. Retrieved from https://www.safemedicines.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Heal-the-World-Complaint-as-filed.pdf

[3] Izgi, G., Altunay, M. (2025, June 2). Counterfeit pharmaceuticals: innovative strategies for combatting global health threats. Retrieved from https://www.ibanet.org/counterfeit-pharmaceuticals-innovative-strategies 

[4] Lovelace, B. (2025, April14). FDA warns about fake Ozempic in U.S. supply chain. Retrieved from  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-warns-fake-ozempic-us-supply-chain-rcna201184

[5] Reuters. (2023, December 22). US FDA warns about counterfeit versions of Novo's diabetes drug Ozempic. Retrieved fromhttps://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-fda-warns-about-counterfeit-versions-novos-diabetes-drug-ozempic-2023-12-21/

[6] Walker, J, Ramey, C. (2022, January 18). Drugmaker Gilead Alleges Counterfeiting Ring Sold Its HIV Drugs. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/health/pharma/drugmaker-gilead-alleges-counterfeiting-ring-sold-its-hiv-drugs-11642526471

Disclaimer: Guest blogs do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADAP Advocacy Association, but rather they provide a neutral platform whereby the author serves to promote open, honest discussion about public health-related issues and updates.